Title: Introduction Text: Sites potentially contaminated with energetic chemical residues include former ammunition plants, depots and magazines, and test and training ranges. This tool focuses on outlining a systematic approach for characterizing energetic munitions constituents (MC) on former Department of Defense (DoD) test and training ranges. The concepts presented in this tool are based on residue deposition studies recently conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers under the DoD Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). Although these studies were conducted at currently operational live-fire training and testing ranges, the concepts can also be applied to the investigation of former (i.e., other than operational) ranges managed under the Munitions Response Program (MRP). These concepts and methods however may not be applicable to non-range sites or to compounds other than explosives and propellant residues. The tool summarizes the results of the deposition studies on ranges located across the country and offers several recommendations for sampling designs and strategies for energetic residue characterization. The data collected from these efforts can then be used to build the conceptual site model (CSM) for the MRP site.

Title: Munitions Constituents Text: MC refer to any materials originating from unexploded ordnance (UXO), discarded military munitions (DMM), or other military munitions, including explosive and non-explosive materials, and emission, degradation, or breakdown elements of such ordnance or munitions (10 U.S.C. 2710(e)(4)).

Title: Munitions Response Program Text: The goal of the MRP is to investigate munitions response sites and, where necessary, address releases of munitions and explosives of concern (MEC) and MC that create an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health or welfare or to the environment (DoD Military MRP FY07 NDAA Section 313 Report, 2007). To accomplish this goal, the following objectives apply: 1. Identify location, type, and to what extent munitions are present 2. Determine the hazards and risks to human health and the environment 3. Establish goals and metrics to track program progress 4. Set priorities and plan for conducting munitions response actions 5. Conduct necessary response actions 6. Transfer excess land for alternative uses that are consistent with the munitions response completed. This tool assists with the first stated MRP objective of characterizing munitions. The Navy MRP Guidance outlines the criteria for inclusion of terrestrial and aquatic sites or areas of concern into the Navy MRP. The tool does not cover MC at Small Arms Ranges, nor does it cover water ranges.

Title: Munitions and Explosives of Concern Text: MEC are military munitions that pose an explosive safety hazard. MEC consists of UXO, discarded military munitions (DMM), and MC present in high enough concentrations (2% or more by weight of primary explosives and 10% or more by weight of secondary explosives in soil) to pose an explosive hazard.

Title: Small Arms Ranges Text: The following links provide information on MC at Small Arms Ranges: Characterization and Remediation of Soils at Closed Small Arms Firing Ranges Characterization Environmental Management at Operating Outdoor Small Arms Firing Ranges C&P Joint Small-Arms Range Remediation

Title: Safety (1 of 2) Text: Because collecting samples in areas where MEC may be present has the potential to result in a fire or explosion that could cause serious injury or death, appropriate care must be taken. One approach is for the sampling team to keep away from any and all MEC. This requires the use of Military Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) personnel or UXO-qualified personnel employing anomaly avoidance techniques. This ensures that the sampling team makes no intentional physical contact with MEC during the sampling process.

Title: Safety (2 of 2) Text: The other approach is to obtain approval from the Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity (NOSSA) and the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) to make intentional physical contact with the MEC. The document that describes this intentional physical contact is called an “Explosives Safety Submission” or ESS. With NOSSA and DDESB approval of the ESS, chunks of energetic residues may be collected, weighed, and removed by EOD personnel or UXO technicians prior to sampling. The handling, including movement, storage and transportation of MEC, must follow governing Navy, DoD, and applicable Federal regulations. Additional safety information is presented in EPA SW846 Method 8330B. Field analytical screening techniques should be used to identify chunks of energetic residues (EPA SW846 Methods 8510, 8515, 4050, 4051).

Title: Common Energetic Compounds Used by DoD (1 of 3) Text: The DoD has used a variety of energetic compounds on its training and testing ranges. These include propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. Propellants are common contaminants near firing points. While gun propellants are concentrated close to the firing point, rocket propellants can be present in other areas of the range. Explosives and their environmental transformation products are found as residues at impact areas. Pyrotechnic residue such as white phosphorus (WP) may also be found on ranges.

Title: Common Energetic Compounds Used by DoD (2 of 3) Text: Propellant constituents contain major residues such as fibers, slivers, or plates deposited at the soil surface near firing points on training and test ranges. Common propellants used by DoD are: Nitrocellulose (NC) Nitroglycerin (NG) Nitroguanidine (NQ) 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) Perchlorate

Title: Common Energetic Compounds Used by DoD (3 of 3) Text: Explosives, their environmental transformation products, and sometimes propellants are found as particulates and chunks at the soil surface at impact areas on training and testing ranges. Common explosives used by DoD contain varying amounts of the following energetic compounds: HMX RDX TNT Common explosives and their percent compositions are shown in the table.

Title: Determining Munitions Composition (1 of 2) Text: Several resources are available to help determine the composition of munitions used at the range including: Munitions Items Disposition Action System (MIDAS) Database Searchable by nomenclature or Department of Defense Identification Code (DODIC) Managed by the U.S. Army for the Defense Ammunition Center (DAC) ORDATA Online Database Searchable by size, shape, and nomenclature Managed by James Madison University Historical Sources Archival search for older ordnance Contact NOSSA Code N53 for assistance.

Title: Determining Munitions Composition (2 of 2) Text: Understanding the composition and munitions detonation rates can help confirm site estimates of the quantity and types of munitions present at the site. Dud and high-/low-order detonation rates are known to be site-specific, and may be available from the activity. Without site-specific data, rates can be estimated from studies such as the "Study of Ammunition Dud and Low Order Detonation Rates" (DAC, July 2000), which includes data for many items used by the Navy and provides average rates for families of munitions, such as rockets and gun-fired projectiles. In the absence of munitions-specific dud rates or low-order data, the following baseline detonation rates, averaged for all munitions studies, can be assumed: 97% average high-order detonation rate 3% dud rate 0.3% low-order detonation rate

Title: High-Order Detonation Text: A high-order detonation is a detonation that takes place as designed, producing very little residues of the explosives used.

Title: Low-Order Detonation Text: A low-order detonation (LOD) is a partial detonation resulting in the incomplete burning and deposition of significant amounts of residue of the explosives used.

Title: Historical Sources Text: Several historical sources include: Encyclopedia of Explosives Military Explosives Army Technical Manual (TM 9-1300-214) Artillery Ammunition Army Technical Manual (TM 9-1300-203) Rockets Army Technical Manual (TM 9-1950)

Title: Properties of Energetic Compounds Text: Most energetic compounds share many common physical and chemical properties that cause them to behave similarly. They have low vapor pressures and are deposited in solid form. They are subject to dissolution, leaching, and transformation. Chunks of energetic residues can persist for 50+ years, but once energetic residues dissolve, they degrade or migrate away from the original source area. For example, RDX does not degrade rapidly under aerobic conditions; however, once dissolved, RDX can migrate through the vadose zone to groundwater. TNT readily biotransforms, thereby slowing its migration. WP is stable in anoxic conditions. It may be found in wetland soils and can be very toxic to waterfowl. WP may also be present in buried sediments and will ignite when uncovered and exposed to air.

Title: Vadose Zone Text: The vadose zone is the subsurface area located above the water table.

Title: Sampling Methodologies Text: There are two general types of sampling methods that are now commonly used to characterize energetic constituents on MRP sites. The traditional method used at these sites is discrete sampling which is a single sample representing a single location at a specific time. With the collection of a sufficient number of samples, this method can be used to determine the nature (including variability) and extent of contamination for a defined area. A second method (which is gaining in popularity for energetic constituents) is called increment sampling. This method involves collecting a composite sample consisting of multiple individual increments. This method can be used to obtain an average concentration of contamination within a defined area. The table on the left summarizes several common sampling methodologies, which may be involved with discrete or increment sampling. The table details the basis, advantages, and desired population characteristics for each sampling plan. When making the decision on what type of sampling method to use at a site, it is important to take into consideration the advantages and limitations of each methodology in light of the site-specific data quality objectives (DQOs).

Title: Sampling Considerations (1 of 2) Text: To answer what type of sampling is most appropriate depends on the site-specific DQOs. Sampling considerations should first consider DQOs as follows: 1) Is the objective of the sampling event to determine risk to human health and/or ecology? If yes, identify the specific receptors that will be used for the assessment. What additional technical staff (e.g., risk assessors) should be brought in during the initial project phases? (US Navy Human Health Risk Assessment Guidance) 2) What are the action limits (AL) required? This could be risk numbers, regulatory requirements, cleanup goals, etc. 3) Are there any data gaps in the CSM? Is the nature of the release known? Are the firing points/target areas known? What are the contaminants of concern (COCs)? 4) Define the boundaries/limitations.

Title: Sampling Considerations (2 of 2) Text: After the DQOs are defined, these additional questions should be asked: 1) Can the sampling be done safely? 2) How detailed should sampling be? (e.g., limited sampling may be warranted in the Site Investigation [SI] phase to confirm the presence or absence of MC contamination, while sampling in the Remedial Investigation [RI] phase will focus on determining the nature and extent of the MC) 3) What type of sampling should be performed? 4) What analyses should be conducted (based on historical usage of MEC items)?

Title: Increment Sampling Text: If increment sampling is selected, the following additional questions must be considered: 1) How large should each decision unit be? 2) How large of an area can be adequately characterized with an increment sample? 3) How many increments are necessary to overcome spatial heterogeneity within the decision unit? 4) Should a risk assessor be brought in during the initial project phases? 5) How should increments be collected (totally random or with some systematic component)? 6) What should the sample mass be to overcome compositional heterogeneity? 7) What EPA method should the lab use?

Title: Distributional Heterogeneity Text: Distributional heterogeneity occurs when residue deposition is unevenly scattered across a decision unit. Distributional heterogeneity is controlled by requiring a sample mass composed of many increments.

Title: Analytical Determination Methods Text: An analytical determination method is a procedure or technique used by a laboratory to process and characterize a sample. More details are given in Slide 23: Sample Processing.

Title: Sampling Overview Text: The following measures are necessary to attain accurate residue characterization through increment sampling: Design of a sampling plan that best selects/stratifies decision units Collection of representative samples within a decision unit; obstacles include compositional heterogeneity and distributional heterogeneity Extraction of representative subsamples for analytical determination of residues Utilization of appropriate analytical determination methods If the results of the sampling event will be used for a human health or ecological risk assessment, users should consult a risk assessor during the initial phases of project scoping to determine the size of decision units, depth of field sampling, sampling media, etc. In addition, the capabilities of available certified laboratories should be confirmed.

Title: Decision Unit Text: A decision unit is an area (e.g., impact area) about which a decision needs to be made, such as what remediation action should be taken.

Title: Compositional Heterogeneity Text: Compositional heterogeneity occurs when target analyte concentrations vary among soil particles. Collected samples should be large enough to effectively represent the diversity.

Title: Residue Deposition Studies Text: The DoD SERDP, the U.S. Army Environmental Center, the U.S. Army Garrison Alaska, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Distributed Source Program have supported energetic munitions residue deposition studies on live-fire training and testing ranges to evaluate sampling strategies and to develop increment sampling protocols. The map shows the locations of the initial sampling studies. The residue deposition studies were conducted in several phases. Early range studies focused on determining what sampling design and strategy allowed for the collection of the most representative samples. Findings showed that increment sampling design resulted in more accurate and representative characterization than discrete sampling. Later studies used increment sampling to develop protocols for characterization of various types of active military ranges.

Title: Sizing of Decision Units Text: The size of a decision unit should be selected based on the area influenced by a single event or activity, or the area of concern for human health or ecological exposure. In many cases, the size of the decision unit can correspond to the entire area where the greatest amount of contamination is expected (around guns, target areas, and blow-in-place [BIP] detonations). Typically, decision units are 2.5 acres or less in size except when evaluating human health exposures. In this case, decision units should be 0.5 acres or less in size.

Title: Sampling Increments Text: The objective of increment sampling strategy and systematic random design is to obtain an amount of energetic residue particles which is proportional to what exists in the selected decision unit. An increment sample is a composite sample in which multiple (~30 to 100) individual increments from within each decision unit are pooled together. Historically, the mean concentration of a decision unit was estimated from the collection and analysis of several discrete samples. However, a single or small set of discrete samples almost always underestimates the mean concentration of analytes. Increment sampling is used to obtain a more reliable estimate of the mean concentration, and when compared with discrete sampling, increment sampling reduces analytical costs.

Title: Population Text: A population is a set of objects or areas that shares some common characteristic. It can be synonymous with decision unit.

Title: Discrete Sampling Text: A discrete sample is a single sample stored in an individual container for analysis. It represents a single location at a specific time.

Title: Systematic Random Sampling Text: Studies show that sampling error accounts for the largest portion of uncertainty during energetic residue characterization on military training and testing ranges; implementing the best-suited sampling strategy design can help reduce this uncertainty. It is recommended that each increment sample be collected using a systematic-random sampling design such as the one pictured on the left. The systematic random sampling design is analogous to systematic grid sampling where the first collection point is randomly selected and the remaining sampling locations follow a regular grid pattern. To use this approach, the sampler begins at the edge of the decision unit, collects an increment soil sample, walks a predetermined number of steps based on the size of the decision unit and sample increments, and adds another increment to the sample. The sampler continues this process, snaking back and forth across the decision unit, until the entire sample is collected.

Title: High Explosive Text: A high explosive is characterized by its extremely rapid detonation. When initiated by a blow or shock, it detonates almost instantaneously.

Title: Primary Explosive Text: A primary explosive is sensitive and will detonate upon experiencing mechanical shock, heat, or a spark.

Title: Secondary Explosive Text: Secondary explosives are less sensitive than primary explosives to shock and heat. TNT, RDX, and HMX are all secondary explosives.

Title: Sample Mass and Depth Text: Based on the results from increment sampling studies, 30 to 100 increments per decision unit are necessary to overcome spatial heterogeneity, and a minimum sample mass of 1 kg is needed to overcome compositional heterogeneity. In addition, collecting triplicate increment samples is strongly recommended for at least one decision unit on each type of range under investigation to assess the uncertainty in the sampling design and strategy. While most residues are present in the top 10 cm of soil, the vast majority are contained within the top 2.5 cm of soil (e.g., near firing points) or within the top 5 cm of soil (e.g., within target areas). An exception to this is a demolition range where residues may be found as deep as 4 m.

Title: Sampling Tools Text: The use of coring tools (see figure) is recommended for sample collection. These coring tools aid in collecting surface samples at vegetated sites where removal of surface vegetative cover prior to sample collection is not recommended. These tools permit minimal surface disturbance and human effort, and enhance the surface area and increment volume precision. In addition, their use helps avoid biased sampling (i.e., sampling only the exposed soil surfaces).

Title: Shipping Text: Special permit DOT-SP 8451 authorizes the transportation in commerce of not more than 25 grams of solid explosive or pyrotechnic material, including waste containing explosives that have an energy density not significantly greater than that of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, classed as Division 1.4E, when packed in a special shipping container. This special permit provides no relief from the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) other than as specifically stated herein.

Title: Sample Processing Text: EPA Method 8330B (a revised version of 8330) also provides laboratories with guidance on how to process soil samples so that a representative subsample can be extracted. This method details how the entire sample collected using increment sampling must be completely dried and pulverized before subsampling and trace analysis for energetic constituents. However, this method is generally not yet commercially available. Currently, there are only a few commercial laboratories that are able to perform EPA Method 8330B for the Navy. The following are EPA SW846 standard laboratory methods for nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives in soil: Method 8095 (GC-ECD) Method 8330A (RP-HPLC-UV) Method 8330B (RP-HPLC-UV) Additionally, the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) Methods for Explosives in Water and Soil are excellent methods, but they are not generally available commercially. While gas chromatography/mass spectrometry methods have been tried for analysis of explosives, they are generally unsuccessful due to thermal degradation of explosive compounds. Also, EPA SW846 Method 8321 is not recommended for energetic constituents. Caution: Great care must be taken during the pulverization process since it can introduce electrostatic discharges (ESD), heat and mechanical shock, any of which could cause the energetic chemical compound to burn or detonate, resulting in serious injury or death.

Title: Risk Assessment Text: The sampling methodologies contained in Method 8330B and in the US Navy Human Health Risk Assessment Guidance should be discussed with a risk assessor during project scoping to determine if modifications to these collection methodologies are needed to support a risk assessment. For example: Spatial Coverage: Increment sampling is recommended to provide more spatial coverage and to overcome sample heterogeneity. However, information about spatial variability within each decision unit is lost. A risk assessor may specify a smaller spatial resolution to characterize “hot-spots.” Decision Unit Size: For human health exposures the EPA recommends that each decision unit be 0.5 acres or less. Ecological risk assessments may require much smaller decision units. Sampling Mass and Depth: EPA Method 8330B specifies collection of a 1 kg or larger sample comprised of 30 or more evenly spaced soil increments from the top 2.5 cm or top 5.0 cm of ground surface at operational ranges. However, these assumptions may not be appropriate for other range investigations or for other types of contaminants. In addition, deeper soil profiles may be required. Sampling Media: Organic materials (e.g., moss, grass, roots) should be retained in soil samples at firing points on operational ranges to account for small fibrous particles that are deposited or adsorbed on vegetation. If removed, the amount of energetic residue is likely to be underestimated. Decisions to include or exclude certain types of media should be made after consultation with a risk assessor, depending on the exposure assumptions of the receptors being evaluated. Large Particles: EPA Method 8330B specifies that particles greater than 2 mm should be removed from the sample prior to processing. Removing these particles may lead to results that are not representative of actual exposures. Separate analysis of these particles may be necessary for a risk assessment.

Title: Range Sampling Studies Text: Various types of DoD training and testing ranges have been studied to determine appropriate sampling techniques. Those ranges studied include: Hand grenade ranges Anti-tank rocket ranges Artillery and mortar ranges Bombing ranges Demolition ranges The following range-specific descriptions and protocols are based on the findings of the previously mentioned residue deposition studies. These studies used increment sampling to determine the location, depth, and concentration of energetic MC on ranges. The assumption that energetic residue distribution is similar for ranges with the same test activities is the basis for the recommended decision unit size, number of sample increments, and sampling depth.

Title: Hand Grenade Ranges (1 of 2): Range Overview Text: Hand grenade ranges are only a few hectares (several acres) or smaller in size and are sometimes divided into several throwing bays. The surface of grenade ranges is poorly vegetated and very heavily cratered. The highest energetic residue concentrations are typically in the most heavily impacted area, often located between 5 m and 40 m from the throwing bay. The M67 fragmentation grenade (Composition B) is the most commonly used munition on these ranges. Major residue sources are low-order detonations (LOD) and BIP detonations. Concentrations of HMX, RDX, and TNT on hand grenade ranges are found in the parts-per-billion (ppb) to parts-per-million (ppm) concentration range. Degradation and migration may play a role in reducing concentrations at non-active ranges. These results from active ranges are assumed to be indicative of sampling at non-active ranges.

Title: Blow-In-Place Detonation Text: BIP detonation of munitions is done currently to clear areas of unexploded ordnance for safety reasons. However, because the emphasis is not placed on the consumption of the explosive load, explosive residues remain in the soil.

Title: Hand Grenade Ranges (2 of 2): Sampling Protocol Text: The area from approximately 5 m to 40 m of the throwing bay and the width of the impact zone should be sampled. For grenade ranges where grenade courts are not separated by barriers, the distance between throwing bays is typically small enough to allow the entire impact range to be sampled as a single decision unit. Individual increments for increment samples should be collected from the top 10 cm of soil. If the surface area to be characterized is less than 100 sq. m, the sample collected should include 30 or more increments. For larger areas, samples consisting of 100 increments are recommended. Profile sampling is also recommended for these ranges. Profile samples should be collected in the areas with the highest crater density.

Title: Profile Sampling Text: Five vertical profile samples (soil cores) should be collected on ranges within the recommended area. The samples should be in 10 cm intervals down to a depth of at least 30 cm (1 ft). Sample increments from the same 10 cm depth interval (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) should be combined to produce a single five-increment sample for each depth level (see figure below).

Title: Anti-tank Rocket Ranges (1 of 3): Range Overview Text: Anti-tank rocket ranges are generally hundreds of hectares (hundreds of acres) in size and covered by low-growing vegetation to allow a clear line of sight. Targets are often derelict vehicles about 100 m or more from the firing line. The highest concentrations of residues are found around the targets and behind the firing line. The weapons most recently used at these ranges are the 66-mm M72 light anti-armor weapon (LAW) rocket and the AT-4 rocket. HMX is the major energetic compound in the soil surface around targets and has been found to exceed concentrations of 1,000 ppm at several ranges. TNT, RDX, 4ADNT, and 2ADT are also detectable, but found in much lower concentrations. NG is present in surface soils near the firing line and around targets. Behind the firing line, NG concentrations are in the thousands of ppm. Between the firing line and the target, NG concentrations are generally found in the high ppb to the low ppm range. Profile samples taken near the firing line have shown that NG can migrate more than 50 cm below the surface. NC is also present near firing lines, but because a proven analytical method for NC has yet to be developed, its actual concentration has yet to be evaluated.

Title: Anti-tank Rocket Ranges (2 of 3): Target Areas Text: Most of the residues on anti-tank rocket target areas are within a 25 m radius of the target. Increment sampling within a 25 m radius of each target is recommended. Due to the large size of the recommended decision unit, 100 sample increments collected from the top 5 cm of soil are suggested. The first figure on this slide shows the recommended systematic-random increment sampling design for an anti-tank target area sampled as one decision unit. If a more detailed characterization is required, the segmented halo design is recommended (see second figure on this slide). To assess the migration of dissolved energetic materials, subsurface profile sampling should be conducted near the heaviest impacted target.

Title: Anti-tank Rocket Ranges (3 of 3): Firing Lines Text: The highest concentration of propellants on anti-tank rocket ranges is behind the firing line. In this area, a single 100-increment increment sample collected from the top 2.5 cm of soil in a rectangle extending 30 m from the firing line and running the length of the line is recommended (see first figure on this slide). The same sampling strategy can be applied to the area in front of the firing line. If a more detailed characterization is desired, it is recommended that the areas in front and behind the firing line each be divided into three smaller rectangles that are 10 m wide and run the length of the firing line (see second figure on this slide). A 30-increment sample should be collected from each of these areas. To assess whether the energetic residues have accumulated in the subsurface, profile sampling is recommended. Samples should be collected 5 to 10 m behind or in front of the firing line at the firing position most heavily used. If possible, samples should be collected from depths greater than 30 cm.

Title: Artillery & Mortar Ranges (1 of 3): Range Overview Text: Artillery and mortar ranges are generally hundreds of square kilometers in size. Firing positions are located around the circumference of the range with firing fans extending into the centrally-located main impact zone (see figure). Munitions fired in these ranges are generally artillery and mortar guns. The major weapons currently used at these ranges include: 155-mm howitzers, 105-mm artillery projectiles, 120-mm tank projectiles, and 81-mm, 60-mm, and 120-mm mortar rounds. The high explosives used in these are either TNT or Composition B. Also, some smoke-generating munitions used contain metal nitrates, hexachloroethane (HC), and potassium perchlorate. Spotting charges contain white phosphorus and black powder. Soil samples collected from impact areas determined that craters having only experienced high order detonations (complete detonations) contain residue concentrations below 0.1 ppm, whereas craters with munitions having undergone LOD have higher concentrations of energetic compounds.

Title: Artillery Ranges (2 of 3): Impact Areas Text: A 50 m x 50 m square decision unit is recommended for areas where the target area is defined (see figure). A 100-increment sample should be collected from the top 5 cm of soil. If munitions having undergone a LOD or chunks of residue are visible, a 10 m x 10 m or smaller decision unit should be centered on the debris and marked. Any visible munitions should be removed from the decision unit by following the required ESS, and a 30-increment sample should be collected from the top 5 cm of soil.

Title: Artillery Ranges (3 of 3): Firing Point Areas Text: Although most of the residue at artillery and mortar firing points is deposited in front of the gun tube, residue can accumulate up to 100 m downrange. Within the firing area, decision units of 50 m x 50 m or smaller can be used. Each increment sample should be built from 100-increment samples collected from the top 2.5 cm of soil. To assess the downrange deposition gradient parallel with the direction of fire, samples can be collected in rectangular decision units at an established firing line or along the perimeter of the firing area. A 30-increment sample can be collected from the top 2.5 cm of soil from each decision unit. Profile sampling is only recommended at a heavily used fixed firing point or directly below a location where excess propellant was burned on the soil surface. At a fixed firing point, profile sampling should be conducted within 5 m of a mortar firing point or within 10 m of a howitzer firing point.

Title: Bombing Ranges Text: Bombing ranges are generally hundreds of square kilometers in size. Before the development of precision guided systems, bombs could land 1 km or further from their intended targets. Since implementation of the technology, impact areas have become much smaller, generally tens of tens of acres. The high explosives most often used at bombing ranges are tritonal and H-6. Sampling studies on two bombing ranges indicated that energetic concentrations were high in areas where a bomb had undergone an LOD; however, most of the rest of the heavily impacted area had residue concentrations less than 1 ppm. Based on the preliminary findings from the two bombing ranges studied, the same sampling strategy and designs for an artillery impact area explained earlier would apply to an impact area on a bombing range.

Title: Demolition Ranges (1 of 2): Range Overview Text: Demolition ranges are generally a few several acres in size with sparse vegetation in active areas. Duds (which are safe to move) and outdated munitions are brought to demolition ranges and destroyed by EOD technicians. Additionally, chunks of high explosives, unused propellants, and items collected by local law enforcement are destroyed at these ranges. The pits and craters used for demolition or burning are used multiple times and later filled in. As a result, residues can be detected deeper (up to 4 m deep) in the soil profile on demolition ranges.

Title: Demolition Ranges (2 of 2): Sampling Protocol Text: It is recommended that the active area of the demolition range be identified and divided into 10 m x 10 m grids (see figure). A 30-increment sample should be collected from the top 10 cm of soil of each decision unit. Profile samples should be collected in areas where the surface is discolored or where known craters have been located. Depth increments from at least five profile samples should be combined as done for other ranges. However, at demolition ranges, sampling depth should be at least 4 m and could extend to the groundwater table.

Title: Establishing Levels of Concern Text: The DoD has established a level of concern for perchlorate based on a National Academy of Science (NAS) toxicological review and a resulting oral reference dose. Navy policy is "to sample all sites where there is a reasonable expectation that a perchlorate release has occurred as a result of Navy activities, including sites previously analyzed by EPA Method 314.0." More definitive analytical methods, EPA Methods 331.0 and 332.0, have since been developed. These new methods employ mass spectrometry and provide a higher level of confidence about the occurrence of perchlorate in various media. Refer to the Perchlorate Tool for addition information on the perchlorate policy and sampling procedures. A similar procedure using toxicological data may be followed to determine toxicity values for other energetic compounds for which regulatory levels do not yet exist. The Perchlorate Policy has a three-tiered criteria for determining levels of concern for energetic constituents without an established value. This approach is laid out in U.S. Navy Human Health Risk Assessment Guidance. This topic continues to evolve and this tool will be updated periodically.

Title: References Text: USACE/CRREL, 2007. Protocols for Collection of Surface Soil Samples at Military Training and Testing Ranges for the Characterization of Energetic Munitions Constituents. July. USEPA, 2006. Nitroaromatics, Nitramines and Nitrate Esters by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). October. NAVFAC. Environmental Restoration & BRAC. USACE. CRREL Technical Publications: Analytical Chemistry. USACE, 1997. Review of Fate and Transport Processes of Explosives. March USEPA, 2007. Overview of Environmental Issues Associated with Residues of Energetic Materials. May. USEPA, 2002. Guidance on Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection. December. US National Library of Medicine, 2008. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). DoD Environmental Data Quality Workgroup (EDQW), 2008. Guide for Implementing EPA SW-846 Method 8330B. DoD, 2007. Military Munitions Response Program Fiscal Year 2007 NDAA Section 313 Report. March. US Army Defense Ammunition Center. 2000. Study of Ammunition Dud and Low Order Detonation Rates. July. DoD, 2007. DoD Perchlorate Handbook. August. DON. 2008. DoD US Navy Human Health Risk Assessment Guidance. December. DON. 2006. Navy Perchlorate Sampling and Management Policy. May.

Title: Contacts Text: For more information about energetic constituent sampling, please contact: NAVFAC ESC MRP Point-of-Contact (POC) (805) 982-1795 NAVFAC ESC POC PRTH_NFESCT2@navy.mil For more information about explosives safety, please contact: Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity (NOSSA) MRP POC (301) 744-4450